Introduction

Ayurveda, the ancient Indian system of medicine, emphasizes the use of natural substances, particularly those derived from plants, for the maintenance of health and treatment of diseases. The Charak Samhita, a foundational text of Ayurveda, extensively details the therapeutic applications of these plant-based drugs, referred to as "Oudbhida Dravya." This article aims to provide a critical study of the Oudbhida Dravya mentioned in the Charak Samhita, examining their classification, identification, and significance in Ayurvedic medicine.1

The Charak Samhita is an extensive compilation of knowledge on healthcare, encompassing a wide range of topics from basic principles to detailed treatment modalities. Within this text, plants hold a position of paramount importance, featuring in various formulations and therapeutic applications. The understanding and utilization of these plant species reflect a deep-rooted tradition that has evolved over centuries.

India has a rich heritage of plant diversity, with a significant portion of its flora having medicinal value. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a substantial number of plant species are used globally for medicinal purposes, and India contributes a notable share to this global pharmacopeia.

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Discussion

The Charak Samhita is a treasure trove of knowledge on Oudbhida Dravya, providing a detailed account of their properties and therapeutic applications. This study highlights the importance of these plant-based drugs in Ayurvedic medicine and the need for continued research to fully understand their potential. The present study systematically analyzed the botanical identification of medicinal plants mentioned in the first four chapters of Charak Samhita’s Sutrasthana,5 referencing classical Ayurvedic commentaries (Ayurveda Deepika, Charakopaskara, Jalpakalpataru) and renowned Nighantus (Dhanvantari Nighantu, Raj Nighantu, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu). The research highlights the importance of accurate botanical identification in Ayurvedic pharmacology, as many plant names in ancient texts have multiple interpretations due to regional variations and synonym usage, some findings are.6

1. Synonym Variations: Several drugs, such as Abhaya (Terminalia chebula) and Shiva (Vetiveria zizanioides), were found to have multiple interpretations across different commentaries, indicating regional or textual variations in nomenclature.7

2. Modern vs. Traditional Classification: Some plants, like Agnimantha (Premna integrifolia), have undergone taxonomic revisions, yet their therapeutic applications remain consistent in Ayurveda.

3. Controversial Identifications: Certain drugs, such as Avyatha (Guduchi, Haritaki, or Kadali), were interpreted differently by commentators, suggesting the need for further pharmacological validation.8

4. Consistency in Major Drugs: Well-known plants like Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), Amalaki (Emblica officinalis), and Haridra (Curcuma longa) showed uniform identification across sources, reinforcing their established therapeutic roles.

5. Endangered and Rare Species: Some species, such as Kutaja (Holarrhena antidysenterica) and Ativisha (Aconitum heterophyllum), are now endangered, emphasizing the need for conservation and sustainable cultivation.

Challenges in Identification:9

• Linguistic Variations: Sanskrit synonyms and regional names complicate precise botanical matching.

• Taxonomic Revisions: Some plants have been reclassified under different genera or families over time.

• Lost Knowledge: A few herbs (e.g., Somaraji) lack clear modern equivalents, indicating gaps in ethnobotanical documentation.

Conclusion

A systematic approach to studying Oudbhida Dravya, as outlined in the Charak Samhita, is essential for their effective utilization. This research underscores the critical role of interdisciplinary collaboration between Ayurveda scholars, botanists, and pharmacologists in validating medicinal plants from classical texts. Accurate botanical identification is essential for:

• Standardization of Ayurvedic Formulations – Ensuring consistency in drug efficacy and safety.

• Conservation Efforts – Protecting endangered species crucial to traditional medicine.

• Scientific Validation – Bridging Ayurvedic knowledge with modern pharmacological research.

By integrating traditional wisdom with modern science, this work contributes to the global recognition of Ayurveda as an evidence-based medical system while ensuring the preservation of its rich botanical heritage. This study serves as a foundational reference for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers in Ayurveda, pharmacognosy, and biodiversity conservation. Further research should expand to other sections of Charak Samhita and additional classical texts to create a comprehensive database of Ayurvedic medicinal plants.